Modelling soil moisture in a high‐latitude landscape using LiDAR and soil data          下载免费PDF全文

Julia Kemppinen  Pekka Niittynen  Henri Riihimäki  Miska Luoto 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(5):1019-1031

Soil moisture has a pronounced effect on earth surface processes. Global soil moisture is strongly driven by climate, whereas at finer scales, the role of non‐climatic drivers becomes more important. We provide insights into the significance of soil and land surface properties in landscape‐scale soil moisture variation by utilizing high‐resolution light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data and extensive field investigations. The data consist of 1200 study plots located in a high‐latitude landscape of mountain tundra in north‐western Finland. We measured the plots three times during growing season 2016 with a hand‐held time‐domain reflectometry sensor. To model soil moisture and its temporal variation, we used four statistical modelling methods: generalized linear models, generalized additive models, boosted regression trees, and random forests. The model fit of the soil moisture models were R² = 0.60 and root mean square error (RMSE) 8.04 VWC% on average, while the temporal variation models showed a lower fit of R² = 0.25 and RMSE 13.11 CV%. The predictive performances for the former were R² = 0.47 and RMSE 9.34 VWC%, and for the latter R² = 0.01 and RMSE 15.29 CV%. Results were similar across the modelling methods, demonstrating a consistent pattern. Soil moisture and its temporal variation showed strong heterogeneity over short distances; therefore, soil moisture modelling benefits from high‐resolution predictors, such as LiDAR based variables. In the soil moisture models, the strongest predictor was SAGA (System for Automated Geoscientific Analyses) wetness index (SWI), based on a 1 m² digital terrain model derived from LiDAR data, which outperformed soil predictors. Thus, our study supports the use of LiDAR based SWI in explaining fine‐scale soil moisture variation. In the temporal variation models, the strongest predictor was the field‐quantified organic layer depth variable. Our results show that spatial soil moisture predictions can be based on soil and land surface properties, yet the temporal models require further investigation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

STUDY ON THE SEISMOGENIC FAULT CHARACTERSTICS OF 2016 M_W5.9 MENYUAN EARTHQUAKE BASED ON Sentinel -1A DATA     

ZHENG Bo-wen  GONG Wen-yu  WEN Shao-yan  ZHANG Ying-feng  SHAN Xin-jian  SONG Xiao-gang  LIU Yun-hua 《地震地质》2018,40(4):872-882

In this paper, we processed and analyzed the Sentinel-1A data by "two-pass" method and acquired the surface deformation fields of Menyuan earthquake. The results show the deformation occurred mainly in the south wall of fault, where uplift deformation is dominant. The uplift deformation is significantly larger than the subsidence and the maximum uplift of ascending and descending in the LOS is 6cm, 8cm respectively. Meanwhile, based on the Okada model, we use the ascending and descending passes data as constraints to invert jointly the fault distribution and source parameters through constructing fault model of different dip directions. The optimum fault parameters are:The dip is 43°, the strike is 128°with the mean rake of 85°. The maximum slip is about 0.27m. The inverted seismic moment M₀ is 1.13×10¹⁸N·m, and the moment magnitude M_W is 5.9. The SW-dipping Minyue-Damaying Fault is possibly the seismogenic fault, based on the comprehensive analysis of the focal mechanisms, aftershocks relocation results and the regional tectonic background. The focus property is dominated by thrust movement with a small amount of dextral strike-slip component. The earthquake is the result of local stress adjustment nearby the Lenglongling Fault under the background of northeastward push and growth of Tibet Plateau.  相似文献   

填充墙刚度影响的实测高层建筑增量动力分析          下载免费PDF全文

周云  裴熠麟  周祎  方亮  易伟建 《地震工程学报》2018,40(5):883-890

高层结构中的填充墙在地震作用下与周围结构构件之间的相互作用十分复杂,对建筑结构的整体抗震性能具有较大影响。然而我国规范在设计阶段通常不考虑填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响,统一采用周期折减系数来考虑其刚度变化引起的内力变化,因此准确评估填充墙对结构抗震性能的影响具有重要意义。本文在对一栋框-剪结构和一栋剪力墙高层建筑进行随机振动测试的基础上,利用Perform-3D对每栋高层分别建立了3种分析模型。其中对未考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,分别采取规范建议值和实测结果值两种方式进行周期折减。对通过添加斜撑单元来考虑填充墙作用的结构模型,利用环境激励测试识别获得的结构模态信息进行模型修正。对该3种模型进行了增量动力分析,探讨潜在危险性水平地震作用下填充墙对高层建筑抗震性能的影响。结果表明,填充墙增加了结构在弹性阶段的整体初始刚度,但随着地震动强度的增加逐渐丧失对结构刚度的贡献作用。相比考虑了填充墙作用的模型计算结果,规范建议的周期折减系数较为保守。同时研究发现,填充墙对高层框-剪结构的影响程度要比剪力墙结构大。  相似文献   

2014年鲁甸M_S6.5地震后地质灾害发育分布特征          下载免费PDF全文

杨秀元  姚亚辉 《地震工程学报》2018,40(5):1078-1083

2014年云南鲁甸“8·03”M_S6.5地震造成了重大人员伤亡和财产损失，诱发了大量滑坡、崩塌、泥石流等地质灾害。基于对鲁甸县龙头山幅（G48E006006）地质灾害调查数据和对典型地质灾害的剖析，震后地质灾害发育分布有特征如下：（1）震后地质灾害较震前成倍增长，震前地质灾害多以中小型浅层崩滑为主，地震诱发了诸如甘家寨、红石岩等大型—特大型滑坡、崩塌，大量沟谷崩滑堆积物为泥石流储备了丰富的物源；（2）震中高烈度区域地质灾害密度大，沿发震断裂带NNE—NE向构造密集发育，震中区龙头山镇地质灾害发育最为集中；（3）地质灾害呈带状分布，明显受控于河流水系（牛栏江、沙坝河、龙泉河等）、公路（昭巧二级公路、沙乐公路）等线性地貌单元和线性工程，人类活动影响明显。  相似文献   

印度尼西亚北苏拉威西蓝碧海峡浮游动物种类组成及分布   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

王彦国  陈小银  邢炳鹏  孙柔鑫  FITRIA Nurul  项鹏  王春光  林茂 《海洋学报(英文版)》2018,37(12):35-44

Based on oceanographic survey data in June 2012 in the Lembeh Strait, the zooplankton ecological characteristics such as species composition, individual abundance, dominant species and distribution were analyzed. The results showed that 183 species(including 4 sp.) had been recognized, most of them belonged to copepoda.Cnidaria followed with 43 species(including 1 sp.) were identified. The average abundance of zooplankton was(150.47±58.91) ind./m~3. As to the horizontal distribution, the abundance of the zooplankton was higher in the southern waters than in the northern waters. The dominant species in the study area were Lensia subtiloides,Sagitta enflata, Lucifer intermedius, Oikopleura rufescens, Diphyes chamissoni, Creseis acicula, Subeucalanus subcrassus, Temora discaudata, Aglaura hemistoma, Doliolum denticulatum, Canthocalanus pauper, Oikopleura longicauda and Nanomia bijuga. Zooplankton biodiversity indexes were higher in study area than previous study in the other regions. The findings from this study provide important baseline information for future research and monitoring programs.  相似文献   

Assessment of soil erosion in a monsoon-dominated mountain river basin in India using RUSLE-SDR and AHP   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Jobin Thomas  Sabu Joseph  K. P. Thrivikramji 《水文科学杂志》2018,63(4):542-560

The long-term average annual soil loss (A) and sediment yield (SY) in a tropical monsoon-dominated river basin in the southern Western Ghats, India (Muthirapuzha River Basin, MRB; area: 271.75 km²), were predicted by coupling the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) and sediment delivery ratio (SDR) models. Moreover, the study also delineated soil erosion risk zones based on the soil erosion potential index (SEPI) using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Mean A of the basin is 14.36 t ha^?1 year^?1, while mean SY is only 3.65 t ha^?1 year^?1. Although the land use/land cover types with human interference show relatively lower A compared to natural vegetation, their higher SDR values reflect the significance of anthropogenic activities in accelerated soil erosion. The soil erosion risk in the MRB is strongly controlled by slope, land use/land cover and relative relief, compared to geomorphology, drainage density, stream frequency and lineament frequency.  相似文献   

Assessment of alternative adsorption models and global sensitivity analysis to characterize hexavalent chromium loss from soil to surface runoff          下载免费PDF全文

Chuan‐An Xia  Juxiu Tong  Bill X. Hu  Xiujie Wu  Alberto Guadagnini 《水文研究》2018,32(20):3140-3157

We investigate our ability to assess transfer of hexavalent chromium, Cr(VI), from the soil to surface runoff by considering the effect of coupling diverse adsorption models with a two‐layer solute transfer model. Our analyses are grounded on a set of two experiments associated with soils characterized by diverse particle size distributions. Our study is motivated by the observation that Cr(VI) is receiving much attention for the assessment of environmental risks due to its high solubility, mobility, and toxicological significance. Adsorption of Cr(VI) is considered to be at equilibrium in the mixing layer under our experimental conditions. Four adsorption models, that is, the Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and linear models, constitute our set of alternative (competing) mathematical formulations. Experimental results reveal that the soil samples characterized by the finest grain sizes are associated with the highest release of Cr(VI) to runoff. We compare the relative abilities of the four models to interpret experimental results through maximum likelihood model calibration and four model identification criteria (i.e., the Akaike information criteria [AIC and AIC_C] and the Bayesian and Kashyap information criteria). Our study results enable us to rank the tested models on the basis of a set of posterior weights assigned to each of them. A classical variance‐based global sensitivity analysis is then performed to assess the relative importance of the uncertain parameters associated with each of the models considered, within subregions of the parameter space. In this context, the modelling strategy resulting from coupling the Langmuir isotherm with a two‐layer solute transfer model is then evaluated as the most skilful for the overall interpretation of both sets of experiments. Our results document that (a) the depth of the mixing layer is the most influential factor for all models tested, with the exception of the Freundlich isotherm, and (b) the total sensitivity of the adsorption parameters varies in time, with a trend to increase as time progresses for all of the models. These results suggest that adsorption has a significant effect on the uncertainty associated with the release of Cr(VI) from the soil to the surface runoff component.  相似文献   

底泥就地稳定化中零价铁(Fe⁰)对有机污染物的作用及其对上覆水体水质的影响     

章萍  相明雪  马若男  刘强  葛刚  钱光人 《湖泊科学》2018,30(5):1218-1224

在实验室模拟静态湖泊体系条件下,通过向实际底泥中投加零价铁(Fe~0),考察反应前后底泥中有机物数量、种类、总有机质含量以及上覆水体溶解氧(DO)浓度、氧化还原电位(Eh)、pH和化学需氧量(CODCr)浓度等指标的变化,探讨Fe~0对底泥有机物的降解效果以及对上覆水体水质的影响.结果表明,投加Fe~0处理80 d后,(1)经GC-MS检测出底泥中易被降解的小分子有机物(分子量小于200)数量明显增多,底泥总有机去除率为44%.(2)上覆水体的DO浓度、Eh和pH都有不同程度的变化.DO浓度从6.6 mg/L迅速下降至0.2 mg/L,Eh从150 mV左右下降至74 mV,pH升高至8.4,此体系易形成厌氧环境;且上覆水体中CODCr低于纯底泥-水体系,上覆水中DO浓度、Eh及pH与CODCr浓度具有一定相关性.综上,底泥中投加Fe~0可有效降解有机物,且不会对上覆水体产生持久、较大的影响.  相似文献   

社会网络视角中世界文化遗产地旅游村寨的利益关系治理     

时少华  李享 《热带地理》2020,40(4):625-635

以云南省红河州元阳县哈尼梯田核心区域2个典型的旅游村寨（大鱼塘村和普高老寨）为例，对两村寨利益相关者从网络凝聚性、网络互惠性、网络核心边缘、网络传递性、网络经纪人等5个方面展开关系数据分析，结果显示：1）大鱼塘村压力集团内部、压力集团与社区、企业与政府之间的利益关联性和联系的紧密性不足；2）两村当地政府和压力集团与社区之间的互惠性低于整体平均互惠性；3）两村利益网络中边缘结构较核心结构更加明显，这导致了利益关系的不平衡；4）两村当地政府利益集团传递性相对较低，当地社区传递性最高；5）两村中利益集团间缺少部分协调人、守门人、代理人、联络人等角色。最后提出相应建议：1）提升哈尼梯田利益关系由弱利益关系转变为强利益关系，改变利益集团间核心边缘利益关系格局；2）进一步加强各利益集团内部及之间的关联性；3）加强以企业和政府机构为顶点的组间利益传递，让利益流动逐步打破哈尼梯田利益集团之间的核心边缘关系结构；4）重点加强社区在利益关系网络中的参与机会与权力，对社区进行增权；5）利益集团内部要重点培育协调人和顾问角色，利益集团之间要重点培育企业与政府、社区、压力集团之间的守门人、代理人和联络人角色，以及社区与政府和企业之间的守门人、代理人角色。  相似文献   

新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流动的空间关系及对中国城市公共卫生分类治理启示     

向云波  王圣云 《热带地理》2020,40(3):408-421

人口流动影响新冠肺炎疫情传播与风险扩散。基于百度迁徙大数据和各省市区卫生健康委员会数据，结合地理信息技术，研究了2020年1月1日至3月5日136个城市新冠肺炎疫情扩散与武汉市人口流出的空间关系及其对我国城市公共卫生治理启示。研究表明：1）中国新冠肺炎疫情扩散过程具有阶段性特征，经历了疫情发生与隐性扩散、快速扩散与暴发、扩散遏制和扩散衰减4个阶段。2）研究时间段武汉市人口主要流向湖北省境内以及周边省市和北京、上海、广州、深圳等一线城市，具有地理邻近性和倾向区域中心城市的人口流入特征。受地理距离、时间成本、社会经济联系、境外输入等因素的影响，新冠肺炎疫情空间分布的不平衡性明显，长江中游城市群、京津冀城市群、长三角城市群、粤港澳大湾区和成渝城市群成为新冠肺炎疫情集中分布的重点区域，一些重点出入境口岸城市的新冠疫情扩散风险较大。3）新冠肺炎疫情扩散与人口流出之间具有较强的正向等级相关性。两者之间的空间关系可以分为8种调控类型，近90%的城市具有人口流入多、确诊病例数高或人口流入少、确诊病例数低的特征。其中，人口流入多、确诊病例数高的城市主要集中分布在湖北省境内以及中国重点城市群的中心城市，其防控压力来自人口流入多、确诊病例数高带来的疫情扩散风险；而人口流入少、确诊病例数低的城市分布较为分散，其防控的难点在于提高防控对策的精准性。我国疫情防控取得了显著成效，但随着时间的演进全球疫情形势反弹的不确定性仍然存在，外防输入、内防反弹的压力依然很重，现阶段乃至未来一段时期，疫情防控将伴随中国经济社会发展成为新常态。建议针对8种调控类型，从人口流动、交通和资源等引导与管控方面分类提出精细化的疫情防控策略，提升城市公共卫生治理能力。  相似文献